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- <text>
- <title>
- Libya: History
- </title>
- <article>
- <hdr>
- Background Notes: Libya
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been
- subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The
- Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, and
- Byzantines ruled all or parts of Libya. Although the Greeks and
- Romans left impressive ruins at Cyrene, Leptis Magna, and
- Sabratha, little else remains today to testify to the presence
- of these ancient cultures.
- </p>
- <p> The Arabs conquered Libya in the seventh century A.D. In the
- following centuries, most of the people adopted Islam and the
- Arabic language and culture. The Ottoman Turks conquered the
- country in the 16th century. Libya remained part of their empire--although at times virtually autonomous--until Italy invaded
- in 19ll and, after years of resistance, incorporated Libya as
- its colony.
- </p>
- <p> In 1943, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Greeks
- for all of North Africa, except Egypt) as the official name of
- the colony, which consisted of the Provinces of Cyrenaica,
- Tripolitania, and Fezzan. King Idris I, Emir of Cyrenaica, led
- Libyan resistance to Italian occupation between the two World
- Wars. From 1943 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under
- British administration; the French controlled Fezzan. In 1944,
- Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume
- permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal in 1947 of
- certain aspects of foreign control to which he had not agreed.
- Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the allies, Italy
- relinquished all claims to Libya.
- </p>
- <p> On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a
- resolution stating that Libya should become independent before
- January 1, 1952. King Idris I represented Libya in the
- subsequent UN negotiations. When Libya declared its independence
- on December 24, 1951, it was the first country to achieve
- independence through the United Nations. Libya was proclaimed
- a constitutional and a hereditary monarchy under King Idris.
- </p>
- <p> The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 was one of
- the most important events in Libyan history. Income from
- petroleum sales enabled what had been one of the world's poorest
- countries to become extremely wealthy, measured in terms of
- resources per capita.
- </p>
- <p> King Idris ruled the Kingdom of Libya until the government
- was overthrown in a military-led coup on September 1, 1969. The
- new regime, headed by a Revolutionary Command Council (RCC),
- abolished the monarchy, and subsequently proclaimed the new
- Libyan Arab Republic. Colonel Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi emerged as
- leader of the RCC and eventually as de facto chief of state, a
- position he currently retains (although he holds no official
- position).
- </p>
- <p> Seeking new directions, the RCC's motto became "freedom,
- socialism, and unity." It pledged itself to remove
- backwardness; take an active role in the Palestinian Arab cause;
- promote Arab unity; and encourage domestic policies based on
- social justice nonexploitation, and an equitable distribution
- of wealth.
- </p>
- <p> An early objective of the new government was withdrawal of
- all foreign military installations from Libya. Following
- negotiations, British military installations at Tobruk and
- nearby El Adem were closed in March 1970, and U.S. facilities
- at Wheelus Air Force Base near Tripoli were closed in June 1970.
- In July 1970, the Libyan Government ordered the expulsion of
- several thousand Italian residents. By 1971, libraries and
- cultural centers operated by foreign governments were ordered
- closed. Since then, the Libyan Government has taken severe
- measures to restrict citizen contact with non-Arabic,
- non-Islamic influences.
- </p>
- <p> During the years since the revolution, Libya has asserted
- credentials as leader of the Arab and African revolutionary
- forces and sought an active role in various international
- organizations. In the late 1970s, Libyan embassies were
- redesignated as "people's bureaus," as Qadhafi sought to portray
- Libyan foreign policy as an expression of the popular will. The
- people's bureaus, aided by Libyan religious, political, and
- educational and business institutions overseas, have exerted
- Qadhafi's revolutionary philosophy abroad and taken direct
- action to control Libyans in other countries.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> After the revolution, Colonel Qadhafi took increasing
- control of the government, but he also attempted to achieve
- greater popular participation in local government. In 1973, he
- announced the start of a "cultural revolution" in schools,
- businesses, industries, and public institutions to oversee
- administration of those organizations in the public interest.
- The March 1977 establishment of "people's power"--with
- mandatory popular participation in the selection of
- representatives to the GPC--was the culmination of this
- process.
- </p>
- <p> The GPC is the legislative forum that interacts with the
- General People's Committee whose members are secretaries of
- Libyan ministries. It serves as the intermediary between the
- masses and the leadership and is composed of the secretariats
- of some 600 local "basic popular congresses."
- </p>
- <p> The GPC secretariat and the cabinet secretaries are
- appointed by the GPC Secretary General and confirmed by the
- annual GPC congress. These cabinet secretaries are responsible
- for the routine operation of their ministries, but real
- authority is exercised by Colonel Qadhafi directly or through
- manipulation of the peoples and revolutionary committees.
- </p>
- <p> Competition between the official Libyan Government and
- military hierarchies and the revolutionary committees has been
- a growing phenomenon in the 1980s. An abortive coup attempt in
- May 1984, apparently mounted by Libyan exiles with internal
- support, led to a short-lived reign of terror in which thousands
- were imprisoned and interrogated and an unknown number executed.
- Qadhafi used the revolutionary committees to search out alleged
- internal opponents following the coup attempt, thereby
- accelerating the rise of more radical elements inside the Libyan
- power hierarchy.
- </p>
- <p> In 1988, faced with rising public dissatisfaction with
- shortages in consumer goods and setbacks in the war with Chad,
- Qadhafi began to curb the power of the revolutionary committees
- and to institute some domestic reforms. The regime released many
- political prisoners and eased restrictions on foreign travel by
- Libyans. Private businesses were again permitted to operate.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- September 1989.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-